A Ryan Air Report Tourism Essays

A Ryan Air Report Tourism Essays A Ryan Air Report Tourism Essay A Ryan Air Report Tourism Essay Introduction Ryan Air is a British based low-priced air hose that operates in the leisure travel industry, which makes up for 40 % of its operations. ( Beginning: Michael OLeary, Ryan Air Chairman ) . Ryan Air as an air hose operator has a huge where bulk of its usage in the leisure touristry industry. This study will concentrate on Ryan Air s strengths and capablenesss every bit good as its failing and possible menaces to its concern. A general analysis will be carried out on the air hose to place what cardinal issues faced by air hose besides an rating of the air travel industry will be looked at. The rating will look at possible menaces within the industry and what effects it might hold on Ryan Air in footings of profitableness. The study will besides look into what the industrial environment has to offer and that which Ryan Air as a concern can capitalize and utilize to its advantage. Finally the study will place selling schemes of how best to implement its operations in order to raise its game and enable the concern to be more competitory. 2.0 Strategic Environment Political issues EU statute law Governments Labor markets Social Changing consumer attitudes towards work and leisure Lifestyle alterations Economic Competition Technological Online system ( s ) Legal Regulation The environment in which Ryan Air operates in has become so greatly influenced by the PESTEL model. It is of import from a company position to look at this model and be able to analyze state of affairs in which it may happen itself both in its micro and macro environments. 2.1 Political Ryan Air and its concern has been greatly affected by political state of affairs in its industry late, the most powerful force that has affected the air hose is that of EU statute law. The air hose industry has been greatly affected by statute law late so much so that in Ryan Air instance it has decided to end one of its paths ( Brussels Charleroi to London ) because of the EU ruled that the air hose had been having illegal inducements to wing the path. This is a negative matter fore the air hose, which ruled the determination as a disaster . The ordinance is a cardinal issue for the company in that call offing the path which antecedently has flown daily means a 10 % bead in flights from Charleroi. This is a definite menace to the air hose because as Mr. OLeary puts it these capacity decreases are bad intelligence for clients at Brussels Charleroi ( Beginning: www.news.bbc.co.uk ) However the biggest concern for the air hose will be the estimated 4million Euros the company has bee n ordered to payback as a consequence of the opinion. What seems even more distressing for the air hose is the sentiment from certain members of the imperativeness seem to believe that the air hose was let off rather lightly. A subdivision of the European imperativeness reappraisal commented the air hose comes out rather good and matters could hold been worse . ( Beginning: Swiss Le Temps ) The opinion seems to come at a bad clip for consumers in that it threatens to set monetary values up. A rise in monetary values may reflect to a menace to Ryan Air in that consumers may exchange to other inexpensive alternate methods of travel for the path. Ryan Air has pushed the issue of constructing a new airdrome terminus in Dublin, the air hose has urged Aer Rianta ( Irish Airports Authority ) to halt haltering the state s recovery through what it calls a monopoly on landing charges and paths. This is a cardinal issue for Ryan Air in that it is an chance for the air hose to work and with its success can maximize profitableness and enable cost efficiency. In February, the authorities approved the building of the new edifice nevertheless the recommends the terminus to be run by Aer Rianta much to the disillusion of the Airline who have declared an involvement in building and running the terminus. Ryan Air sees the chance of a new terminus as a opportunity for cheaper landing charges and faster turnaround times . The air hose sees what it calls a monopoly as inefficient , high-cost ; it believes the civil servant-run airdrome shackles Ireland opportunities of hiking its touristry industry. ( Beginning: www.news.bbc.co.uk ) Furthe r possible chances have been handed to Ryan Air in July Ireland Minster for Sports, Education and Tourism allocated the amount of 3m euros to hike Irish touristry to the abroad market. This is an chance for the air hose because with proper usage of the allocated financess its success will pull more touristry to the part and therefore more possible clients for Ryan Air. 2.2 Social Mintel Analysts have carried out studies and it seems that Britishers have more clip to save . Analysts carried out studies in 2004 37 % of Britons want more vacations and 45 % said they would wish to pass more clip with their households. It might be safe to state that this reflects alterations in attitudes of possible consumers. This is an chance for Ryan Air and so a cardinal issue because it can heighten the air hoses profitableness. Appoint which was further emphasised by the fact that outgo in abroad vacations has more than doubled between 1993 and 2003 from ?9bn to ?20bn. ( Beginning: Mintel ) 2.3 Economic Ryan Air has faced addition competition because of the EU opinion against them sing the Brussels Charleroi issue. The air hose finally decided to axe the path get downing on the 29 April 2004, the consequence of Ryan Air drawing out of the path has opened doors for two new rivals who have decide to get down winging from that path. Axis Airways ( a Gallic house ) and Air Polonia ( Polish Airliner ) regional beginnings said that the EU opinion has helped the sign languages. This is an obvious menace to Ryan Air because of the obvious loss of concern of one of its most flown paths due to the fact that it has the lowest menu. Monsieur Serge Kubla, the economic Minister thinks the airdrome had been seeking to diversify the airdromes activities by pulling air hoses other than Ryan Air. There has yet been more bad intelligence for the air hose with its chief challenger ( in footings of options ) for the path has seen a significant addition in riders PRNewswire studies that Eurostar saw a record one-fourth of rider Numberss as travelers continued to exchange from air hoses. The study besides states that in February 2004 the Eurostar had seen an addition on the London Paris path market portion of 66 % from 58 % of the same period the old twelvemonth and even more so for the London Brussels route 52 % compared to the old twelvemonth s 38 % . The study states that air hoses such as Ryan Air, EasyJet and BA have experienced a loss of about 11 % . The study states that this is a consequence of air hoses cut downing the figure of flights operated between London and Brussels. ( www.independent.co.uk ) Economic downswing is speed uping the reorganization of most markets Indeed, it is merely with the recent coming together of the engineering revolution, the economic squeezing and the deregulating of markets that the existent impact is being felt. From air hoses to mortgages, from energy to frost pick, many industries are being shaken inverted by the new market kineticss. Whilst British Airways struggles to happen infinite to last, Ryan Air and Go are reshaping the economic sciences and outlooks of air hoses 2.4 Technology A cardinal issue for Ryan Air is the consequence of engineering on its operations ; the air hose uses the Internet for most of its engagements. Ryan Air would be badly affected were it system to crash or a virus. Ryan Air gain the importance of puting in engineering, Ryan Air s MIS director Martin Nygard, states Our IT systems are critical to the success of our concern . With Ryan Air.com one of the most visited web sites in Europe the air hose have chosen Systemhouse Technology Group to procure its computing machine systems all around Europe from Viruses. Nygard states If something were to impact our booking systems or our Call Centres, our clients could nt purchase their tickets If cardinal sections such as flight operations and technology ca nt entree their computing machine systems 247 so our aircraft would remain on the land. 3.0 Constraints and Capabilities 3.1 Competitive competition Ryan Air competes in the low-priced sector of the air hose industry, which is rather competitory. Ryan Air faces competition from air hoses such as EasyJet, Go and Buzz every bit good as other low-priced budget air hoses. Potential entrants into the low cost sector at the minute seem to be Virgin, proprietor Sir Richard Branson plans to drift Virgin Blue ( Virgin Low cost option ) and plans to establish its low-priced air hose venture in mid 2004. With the industry expected to turn new entrants are likely and competition will go rather ferocious. With all these factors, it is just to state that competitory competition in this sector is rather high. 3.2 Menace of entrants With the expected explosive growing of the market it likely to state the menace of entrants is rather likely, this has been farther enabled with EU deregulating. However any entrants into the market have to be major participants with fiscal backup to be able to vie with established names like Ryan Air and EasyJet. Although new entrants coming into the market is likely the menace it poses to Ryan Air is rather moderate due to the demand for significant fiscal backup 3.3 Menace of replacements In footings of replacements Ryan Air s chief competition will come from Rail links like the Eurostar and the fast rail nexus between Madrid and Seville. The other alternate agencies of travel, which can present a menace to Ryan Air, is travel by ferry. The turning country of concern for the air hose might be the fact Eurostar is basking an increased period of growing in footings of rider Numberss, which will ache the Paris, Brussels, and Charleroi paths. The menace of permutation might be further increased with the fact that British consumers have to an extent become in favor of vacationing within the state. In recent old ages the British have tended to see topographic points like Butlins, Blackpool and a host of other holiday locations within the UK. Ryan Air s response is its program to increase siting capacity in order to cut down costs and increase rider Numberss. Seemly it can be said that even though rail travel has experienced an addition it can be said that the menace of repl acements will be rather low due to the trouble of rail monetary values viing with low cost air hose monetary values. 3.4 Buyer power In the industry purchaser power seems to be high, because of the huge figure of purchasers within the sector. There seems to be an addition in rider Numberss in the low-priced air hose sector. With Ryan Air ruling the European selling low cost travel and seemly decreasing cost borders. It offers a certain chance for the air hose for farther enlargement and so market growing. There are besides rather a few operators in the industry such as EasyJet, Go and Buzz. This makes the market topographic point more competitory for monetary value as purchasers tend to look around for the best monetary value. 3.5 Supplier Power Ryan Air relies on Boeing to provide the aeroplanes and Rolls Royce for the engine parts. However Ryan Air are able to set up a clear advantage of challengers because it owns it planes alternatively of renting them. By having their aircraft Ryan Air is able to capitalize on care costs whereas renting would coerce the company into seting money aside which would blow up their care histories. The air hose has had increased orders from Boeing through which it has gained economic systems of graduated table. However Boeing is able to set up great supplier power due to the fact that most low cost air hoses favour the 737 scopes of aircraft. Ryan Air additions cost advantage because it burns less fuel capacity in comparing to hanker draw flights nevertheless this means that they are besides less capable of go throughing on cost ( of fuel monetary value addition ) to their monetary value witting section. In footings of provider power it can be said that Ryan Air have a reasonably low to medi um supplier power. 4.0 Key competences Ryan Air operations and concern endurance are based around one simple factor diminish cost borders . Bing able to remain in front of the game means being able to set up cardinal competences or competitory advantage ( s ) that can non be duplicated ( and if so ) with great trouble by challengers. Mr. OLeary believes the air hose s chief advantage on its challengers remains the ability to accomplish 25-minute turnarounds . ( Beginning: Financial times ) He suggests Ryan Air is able to run to two more flight runs that its challenger BA, he believe it is the air hose s most of import cost advantage . This is surely a cardinal competency for the air hose and one, which BA has non been able to double. In footings of other challengers such as EasyJet or Go, they excessively have schemes based on cost borders but have non been able to double them every bit good as Ryan Air have. The ultimate ground why Ryan Air still maintains its place as Europe s elite low cost air hose. Bing able to se t up a nucleus competency in within the market place depends on the ability to be able to set up Critical Success Factors ( CSFs ) . In Ryan Air s instance their CSFs are as follows Operational Excellence. Delivering quality service rapidly and for a sensible monetary value Operational excellence involves supplying the lowest-cost goods and services while at the same time understating jobs for the client. Ryan Air has continued to successfully decrease costs though different stairss and class of action. They decided to exchange 70 % of its Birmingham Airport Traffic to Nottingham East Airport as a cost step to counter what has been described as a 100 % addition in track charges. ( www.bbc.co.uk ) Management of efficient minutess. For greater efficiency and velocity, processes between providers and the administration are frequently integrated. Management of efficient minutess this relates to Ryan Air s ability O negotiate favorable rates with airdromes the air hose has been able to negociate. This might be the ground why Ryan Air s challengers welcomed the intelligence of the Brussels s determination. ABN Amro air power analyst said he expected to the opinion to do a fall in Ryan Air s net incomes . The statute law has put Ryan Air s capableness to negociate favorable trades in the hereafter. Analysts say that the opinion could gyrate and impact on other trades across Europe. Dedication to measurement systems. Ryan Air seems dedicated to operational excellence proctor and step all procedures, continually seeking for ways to cut down cost and better both service and quality. Ryan Air stays in front of the game by being able to double what it does best and that is by cut downing costs. It continually finds ways to cut down costs even though it has been criticised for some of its policies. As portion of its policy of continual cost decrease Ryan Air antecedently charged riders for utilizing a wheelchair a policy which was challenged in tribunal which led to Ryan Air adding a surcharge of 50p for each ticket to pay for the tribunal opinion which order the air hose to offer a free wheelchair service. Part of the air hose s continual policy has been to size up different airdromes in order to go on to cut down costs. The company in the last twelvemonth have discontinue traffic to specific airdromes every bit good as move to different airdromes in hunt of better economic systems. 5.0 Ryan Air primary and secondary activities Ryan Air has the ability to associate its primary activity of winging planes at a low cost to both its concern and its clients with well-balanced support activities that help understate cost to operations. Ryan Air s capablenesss are based on good direction and efficient cost operations. 5.1 Ryan Air Primary Activities Inbound logistics Supplier dialogues Ryan Air has been able to drive down provider costs by assuring big and continually turning projected rider Numberss. It is stated that Ryan Air continued effectivity is down to the negotiated contracts between the air hose and its providers. Part of the ground why Ryan Air has continued with its vigorous enlargement ( to heighten rider growing ) is down to the fact that it negotiated in order to procure lower monetary values from its providers. Operationss Flying to secondary airdromes The air hoses policy of winging to secondary and therefore less busy airdromes is a policy adopted by most low cost air hoses. However Ryan Air has managed to negociate favorable conditions in most of the airdromes it operates from. It has managed to renegociate airdrome care and managing contracts with its providers in return for presenting increased growing. Ryan Air besides has a limited fleet and its pilots fly more air stat mis compared to other challengers. This establishes a competitory advantage over most challengers because the fleet get paid based on public presentation and how many sectors ( within ordinance ) they fly daily ; this helps to understate costs and maximize efficiency. Outbound logistics It has set-up client links with its operations through the utilizations on technological promotion. Ryan Air s purpose has been to convey their services at the client s fingertips. This is besides one of the grounds it continues to bask its topographic point as the figure one in the no-frills sector. Selling and gross revenues Online engagements, limited usage of travel bureau services and monetary value publicities 90 % of Ryan Air s selling and gross revenues is done online this is why the air hose has invested to a great extent in anti-virus systems. The air hose has been able to derive a competitory advantage is because the online engagement system brings the air hose closer to the client . Knowing clients closely and working closely with spouses gives Ryan Air a clear advantage. Servicess low in-flight service Like all low cost air hoses Ryan Air provides a low in flight service, nevertheless the air hose sheds its costs by undertaking out services such as aircraft handling, fining and luggage handling. The air hose is able to command quality and safety at a minimal cost by undertaking out engine and heavy care work under its supervising. 5.2 Ryan Air support services Firm Infrastructure Ryan Air chief central office is based in Dublin, Ireland where rents are comparatively low compared to topographic points like Central London. It has other little regional offices ( bases ) around Britain and programs to open some abroad in topographic points like Sweden and Germany. Its concern operations are chiefly on the Internet, which reduces operations cost. The air hoses ability to understate its costs of operation frees up needed financess to drive its selling run, this puts it in a good place to work the market. Ryan Air operates 125 paths and has 9 bases ( 7 of which are non-home state ) . ( Beginning: www.Ryan Air.com ) Human resource direction The air hose recruits staff online and it is the lone manner the return on new staff, it has been known to bear down appliers recruitment fees . Its fleet operates a public presentation wage construction ; its fleet is rather limited because the air hose chooses to contract out services as a manner of deriving a competitory cost advantage over its challengers. Technology development The air hose has based a significant bulk of its engagements online every bit good as puting in anti-virus systems to protect its computing machine web booking system. It has besides taken steps such as puting up a call line known as Ryan Air Direct where clients use a telephone line to do engagements. The usage of technological promotions has allowed Ryan Air go direct to the client. Another selling tool the air hose hour angle implemented is besides a set-up a little dependence on travel agents to counter engineering failure and hazards with opening unfamiliar markets. The technological promotions have been cardinal to Ryan Air operations Procurement The air hose has been able to derive a competitory advantage through the dialogue of favorable trades. E.g. the air hose has been able to negociate the a trade which Boeing partially financess for retraining of pilots from the Boeing 737-200 to the 737-800 ( which it late acquired 50 ) . ( Beginning: Davy Stockbrokers ) 5.3 Importance of benchmarking activities Vs. Environment Market schemes are about choosing and suppressing the emerging landscapes. Implementing these schemes can be important to an administration. Selling schemes are about alining administrations to accomplish this, competitively and commercially. This requires strict analysis coupled with originative thought: to look beyond today s boundaries, to map out the best future beginnings of hard currency, to hold the assurance to travel where cipher else has gone, to do the instance for it in commercial linguistic communication, and to show the impact on long-run stockholder value. In for Ryan Air to accomplish this mammoth undertaking it has to benchmark its strength and failings to that of its environment. It has to analyze these environmental factors in order to be able to analyze its place within the industry and therefore put it in an advantageous place. Once Ryan Air has identified its place so it can continue in implementing selling schemes that can vouch its concern success and therefore maximize its potency. 6.0 Use of strength and weaknesses Vs. Environment Environment developments Strengths and failings EU ordinance Potential industry growing Increased consumer demand Changing environment ( Work vs. leisure ) Strengths The air hose has had to cover with EU ordinance every bit good as deregulating in recent old ages. It has managed to utilize its capablenesss through efficient operations direction to cover with job The budget industry is experience a period of possible growing. With that growing lies a great trade of chances for Ryan Air which it actively seems to be working with its ain rapid growing and with its place as market leader the air hose is absolutely positioned Increased demand in budget air hoses has lead to rapid enlargement by Ryan Air. Ryan Air continues to use cost control measures ( farther low frills ) in favor of more seats on planes. The rich person besides order a new scope of fleet all which are steps to get by with increased demand Analyst studies show an addition in leisure clip spent. This presents the air hose with an chance for more air travel. Ryan Air has punctually responded by taking a figure of market based determinations in order to consolidate its place in the industry Failings Ryan Air s policy of cost control has finally put the air hose at hazard. EU ordinance ruled subordinates it negotiated in Brussels as improper. The companies. Being excessively cost witting has finally put Ryan Air in a place of menace from challengers. Ryan Air announced it is to retreat free ice with paid for drinks farther addition no frills. This is an obvious menace for the air hose with challengers adding fringe benefits and major air hoses dismissing. Increased consumer demand has forced addition traffic, with Ryan Air pilots forced to wing more hours compared to rival pilots. An issue that continues to exasperate trade brotherhoods ( which Ryan Air employees do non belong ) further making labour market jobs for the air hose. 7.0 Selling schemes Cardinal selling schemes for Ryan Air is imperative in its chase to keep its position as the taking no-frills air hose. They involve choosing mark client groups and stipulating how to present value to these groups. Segmentation, Targeting, Differentiation and Positioning are all cardinal to effectual digital selling. Ryan Air has base most of its selling schemes by utilizing what is referred to as E-marketing , the air hose has identified its mark as tourists and concern people who are less concerned with the luxuries of travel and are more concerned with get to their finishs every bit speedy as possible as their chief precedence. The chief push of e-marketing scheme is taking determinations on the selective targeting of client groups and different signifiers of value bringing for online channels. Using methods such as Online gross revenues objective scheme Online CRM scheme Online value proposition scheme Online targeted range scheme. Ryan Air can aim clients with the exclusive aim of luring them to purchase online as the breaker the web site. 7.1 Online gross revenues objective Aim: to change over on-line visitants to purchase Focus: Achieving gross revenues online ( May be new or bing clients ) By utilizing this scheme, Ryan Air will promote site visitants to buy-online through selling, publicities, etc. As portion of this scheme, options to change over visitants to action are explored, i.e. first-time purchaser publicities, site design betterments, place page and landing page optimization. Event-triggered, automated electronic mails besides be used to change over possible gross revenues to sale. 7.2 Online CRM scheme Through the usage of this scheme Ryan Air can specifically concentrate on different facets of the client lifecycle for online clients in footings of: Acquisition by planing schemes to derive new clients to the air hose AND migrate bing clients across to online channels. Retention Using on-line channels ( web based ads popups, linkages from web page and web site ) to increase keeping and value of client to company. Reactivation Encouraging continued usage of the air hoses web site ( possibly through rank enrollment ) this might promote clients to maintain revisiting the web site and maintain up to day of the month with information such as publicities taking to subsequent monetary value alterations and/or new flight information. Customer cognition ( familiarity ) larning more about the client through profiling and monitoring of behavior. This once more can be done through client records, which can be easy stored with, and on-line rank nevertheless data protection issues come into drama and Ryan Air must therefore stay by this. 7.3 Online targeted range scheme Aim: To pass on with relevant audiences online to accomplish Ryan Air s communications aims. These aims normally include: Building more trade name consciousness or favourability, driving on-line purchase, list-building or migrating bing clients to online channels. Focus: New client acquisition. This scheme purpose to pass on with selected client sections online identified by the air hose through media bargains, PR, electronic mail, viral runs and sponsorship or partnership agreements. Driven by aims of online audience portion and figure of site visitants in different sections. Philip Kotler supports this scheme of selling, suggesting that marketing s focal point should travel from pulling and retaining clients, to placing and working chances, conveying together markets and thoughts, introducing in the new marketspaces and taking the company with them, instead than gratifying to the bequest demands of worsening spheres.

Free Essays on Civil War

The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75,000 militia from the states. At the same time, calls for troops were sent to the governors of all states that had remained in the Union. On April 19 a second proclamation announced that Southern ports would be blockaded. A third proclamation, dated May 3, called for 42,000 three-year volunteers for the regular army and for 18,000 volunteers to serve one to three years in the navy. The South responded with equal determination Virginia and the rest of the upper South seceded. The Congress of the Confederacy authorized President Davis to wage the war now beginning. The border slave states of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware never seceded. However, many thousands of men in Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland volunteered for service in the Confederate armies. Both the North and South raised troops as quickly as possible and struggled with the problem of equipping and training them. The states recruited volunteers and organized them into regiments. Officers were elected by the men and commissioned by the governors. In the beginning the length of service was usually short, but as soon as it became clear that the war would not end with one decisive battle, three-year-enlistments became the rule, although there were many exceptions. In the North the first troops ready for service were sent to Washington, D.C., and to points along the Ohio River. Confederate troops were concentrated in Tennessee and in northern Virginia, where they could threaten the federal capital. The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75... Free Essays on Civil War Free Essays on Civil War The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75,000 militia from the states. At the same time, calls for troops were sent to the governors of all states that had remained in the Union. On April 19 a second proclamation announced that Southern ports would be blockaded. A third proclamation, dated May 3, called for 42,000 three-year volunteers for the regular army and for 18,000 volunteers to serve one to three years in the navy. The South responded with equal determination Virginia and the rest of the upper South seceded. The Congress of the Confederacy authorized President Davis to wage the war now beginning. The border slave states of Kentucky, Missouri, Maryland, and Delaware never seceded. However, many thousands of men in Kentucky, Missouri, and Maryland volunteered for service in the Confederate armies. Both the North and South raised troops as quickly as possible and struggled with the problem of equipping and training them. The states recruited volunteers and organized them into regiments. Officers were elected by the men and commissioned by the governors. In the beginning the length of service was usually short, but as soon as it became clear that the war would not end with one decisive battle, three-year-enlistments became the rule, although there were many exceptions. In the North the first troops ready for service were sent to Washington, D.C., and to points along the Ohio River. Confederate troops were concentrated in Tennessee and in northern Virginia, where they could threaten the federal capital. The North responded to the attack on Fort Sumter with shock and anger. Everywhere people were determined to support the government in whatever measures it might take. On April 15, Lincoln issued a proclamation that called up a total of 75... Free Essays on Civil War The American Civil WarIn 1860, arguably the world's greatest nation was locked in Civil War. Thewar divided the country between the North (Union) and South (Confederate).The war lasted five years and by 1865 the Confederate forces were trulybeaten. Out of this horrendous war though, where some 600,000 men died grewa greater sense of nationalism than is today, unrivalled around the world.The American Civil War is interpreted differently by many historians butmost see the catalyst as slavery, the motivation as economic, the outcomewas a unified national identity.Slavery was a major issue that triggered the American Civil War. Slaverystarted out, as a few individual slaves coming from England that weregenerally white. This changed however, and soon the Southern slave tradersbegan 'stealing' blacks to take back to the South. The slaves were forcedto work 16-hour days, slave women were only seen as breeders and there wereno laws against the rape of a female slave. In 1860 slaves accounted forone third of the South's population and even still they had no rights (seeappendix one). The Unionist North many people believed it was immoral toown another human being. These people were called Abolitionists. The Southrelied strongly on the slave trade and when the North spoke of abolishingit, the South spoke of forming there own country, The Confederate states ofAmerica. The South began to see that the North was going to take actionagainst the South's inhumane slave policy. In early 1860, South Carolinaformed under a new flag, Confederate States of America flag, so that theycould continue to operate their slave trade. What followed was an ordinanceof succession which saw the other slave populated states also swear an oathto the Confederate States of America, also so that they could continuetheir slave trade. This situation was found to be unworkable and it dividedthe country in two. So in the words of Abraham Lincoln, 'A house divideagainst itself can... Free Essays on Civil War Introduction: The American Civil War was a war fought within the United States of America between the North (Union) and the South (Confederacy) starting from 1861 and ending in 1865. This war was one of the most destructive events in American history, costing more than 600,000 lives. It was thought to be one that helped shape the character of the American individual today. From the Southern point of view, this war was a War of Rebellion, or a War for Southern Independence. From the Northern point of view this war was seen as a revolution. This unfortunate war started as a result of many years of differences between the Union and the Confederacy. It erupted after many years of conflict building up between the two regions. Between the North and the South there lay deep economic, social and political differences, but it is important to understand that Slavery was the root of cause of these differences. II. Social Causes There were many factors that contributed to the onset of the Civil War. Socially , the North and the South were built on different standards. The South, or the Slave States, was a slave-based community that followed a class-based system. This system consisted of aristocracy. Causes: World War I was immediately precipitated by the assassination of Archduke Francis Ferdinand of Austria-Hungary by a Serbian nationalist in 1914. There were many factors that had led toward war. Prominent causes were the imperialistic, territorial, and economic rivalries that had been intensifying from the late 19th century, among Germany, France, Great Britain, Russia, and Austria-Hungary. Of equal importance was the rampant spirit of nationalism, especially unsettling in the empire of Austria-Hungary and perhaps also in France. Nationalism had brought the unification of Germany by â€Å"blood and iron,† and France, deprived of Alsace and Lorraine by the Franco-Prussian War of 1870-71, had been left with its own nationalistic cult s... Free Essays on Civil War Long before the Civil War the mis-education of Negroes began. Missionaries were sent south to teach freed slaves and schools began to form. Rather than help the Negroes develop they instead set out to transform them into what they wanted them to be, allowing them to learn what they wanted them to learn. Freed men who considered themselves well educated taught other freed men, but had no curriculum other than that made by whites for whites educating Negroes away from there history. Negroes were left out of all educational curriculum except to condemn them or portray them as savages. Whites were tough to hate Negroes and Negroes were taught to feel inferior to whites. Negroes were not allowed there rightful place in Science not telling students that ancient Africans knew sufficient science. Not telling them about how they made poisons for there arrow heads and mixed colors to create paint. They left out Negro inventors altogether often claming there inventions as there own. Negroes were never taught about what they brought over from Africa, there ideas or there influences. Nothing was taught about African language and in literature the Africans were never mentioned. Negro doctors were taught that they were carriers of germs such as syphilis and tuberculosis which began as a white man diseases, but because they had not developed a immunity to theses diseases yet in became wide spread among the Negro community . Negro lawyers were taught that they belonged to the most criminal element in the country. The Supreme Court permitted the judicial nullification of the 14th and 15th amendment. In history the Negro was portrayed as having no thought and nothing to contribute. Nothing was ever taught about how they were the first to domesticate sheep, cows and goats or how they were the first to introduce trial by jury. Negroes have been taught theses things for so long that they have become lost in the bias vie...

Internal Control inside the Company Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words - 2

Internal Control inside the Company - Assignment Example Oakdale conducts these transactions via a computer link to a registered brokerage. Purchase and sales authorizations, along with broker’s advice, are maintained in an electronic file with authorized access by Oakdale’s treasurer. An electronic inventory list is kept perpetually. The transactions are keyed in by accounting personnel who receive a buy/sell transaction sheet from the treasurer. Deposits of checks for interest and dividends earned on investments are also recorded by the accounting department. Each month, the accounting manager and the treasurer prepare journal entries required to adjust the short-term investment account. The Solomon Auditor discovered that there was insufficient backup documentation attached to the journal entries reviewed to trace all transactions. 1- †¢Authorization of transactions is required to adequately safeguard assets against fraud and illegal transactions and provide a level of internal control. A formal system of transaction authorizations allows the commitment of company resources in accordance with management goals and objectives. Transactions must be executed according to the terms of their general or specific authorizations, by responsible personnel acting within the scope of their prescribed authority and responsibility. 2- Complete and accurate record keeping is necessary to assure that prompt, timely, and accurate recording of transactions or economic events occurs. Companies must make and keep books, records, and accounts that, in reasonable detail, accurately reflect the transactions and dispositions of assets. Furthermore, the recording of transactions is necessary to permit preparation of financial statements in conformity with GAAP. 4- Internal verification refers to the independent review of the accuracy and propriety of another party’s work, and the testing of the  recorded accountability for assets as compared to existing assets at reasonable time intervals.  

Nursing Model Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Nursing Model - Assignment Example In the article titled Holistic Nursing Care: Theories and Perspectives, published on the American Journal of Nursing Science, the authors reaffirm that the signs and symptoms of any given condition mirror a deeper disturbance within the patients biopsychosocial balance. Consequently, practicing nurses should embrace an all-inclusive approach that tackles the symptoms and at the same time focuses on the social and psychological needs of the patient. In addition, the authors re-iterate that nurses should employ the Roy Adaptation model, as it focuses on positive interaction between individuals and the relentlessly changing environment, an aspect that defines the long-standing condition of the entities involved. The Roy Adaptation Model is the best fit for nursing practice due to its extensive scope, which takes into consideration all the aspects involved in a clinical setting and ensuring that they regain a sense of balance (Vivien et al, 2014). Similarly, the model ensures that the patients remain cognizant and play a far-reaching role in achieving self-actualization and preserving their health. Papathanasiou, I. Sklavou, M. & Kourkouta, L. (2013 February). Holistic Nursing Care: Theories and Perspectives. American Journal of Nursing Science. Vol. 2, No. 1, 2013, pp. 1-5. Doi: 10.11648/j.ajns.20130201.11 Vivien, D. & Muder, A. (2014). The Validation of the Coping and Adaptation Processing Scale Based on the Roy Adaptation Model. Journal of Nursing Measurement. Volume 22,  Number 3, 2014, pp. 368-380(13). Doi:

Accounting Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Accounting - Assignment Example It is his intention to obtain funds from bank to procure the fixed assets required for production of the product. The start-up costs for Personal Fitness Equipment Inc. are estimated at $1,50,000. All start-up assumptions are based on an actual infusion of $50,000 in the form of capital to be introduced by Dr.John. The balance amount of $ 1,00,000 is proposed to be brought in through Bank Finance at the interest rate of 3%. Certain portion of the funds will be utilized to procure raw materials to fund production of initial inventory. A company office would be located at the Atlanta market area. Available office space has been located in Atlanta. This office space is small and may be secured at nominal cost. As needs dictate office and/or distribution facilities will be expanded. Initially, the small office will serve to manage marketing functions and sales/order processing. Personal Fitness Equipment Inc, is in the business of manufacturing Fitness equipments for personal use. The promoter has come up with a unique design of Personal Fitness Equipment (PFE). This equipment is easy to use and is being priced at a cheaper rate. The main feature of this equipment is the safety standards and the wide range of exercises that can be performed with this equipment. The equipment is proposed to be made with metal of ideal weight. This product designed by Dr. John can be produced at low cost, is lightweight, independent tests have been performed at university and Local Gyms. The users have given positive feedback that the regularity of their physical exercise has increased after purchasing this product. The Appendix section has all the relevant Financial Projections. The sales forecast for the first year of operation is estimated at USD 500000. The company is expected to earn Gross profit at the rate of 54% of the turnover. The net profit of the company is estimated at USD 113770, which workout to about 23% of the turnover.

Introduction to MATLAB

Introduction to MATLAB 3.1.1. What Is MATLAB? MATLABÂ ® is a high-performance language for technical computing. It integrates computation, visualization, and programming in an easy-to-use environment where problems and solutions are expressed in familiar mathematical notation. Typical uses include Math and computation Algorithm development Data acquisition Modeling, simulation, and prototyping Data analysis, exploration, and visualization Scientific and engineering graphics Application development, including graphical user interface building. MATLAB is an interactive system whose basic data element is an array that does not require dimensioning. This allows you to solve many technical computing problems, especially those with matrix and vector formulations, in a fraction of the time it would take to write a program in a scalar non interactive language such as C or FORTRAN. The name MATLAB stands for matrix laboratory. MATLAB was originally written to provide easy access to matrix software developed by the LINPACK and EISPACK projects. Today, MATLAB engines incorporate the LAPACK and BLAS libraries, embedding the state of the art in software for matrix computation. MATLAB has evolved over a period of years with input from many users. In university environments, it is the standard instructional tool for introductory and advanced courses in mathematics, engineering, and science. In industry, MATLAB is the tool of choice for high-productivity research, development, and analysis. MATLAB features a family of add-on application-specific solutions called toolboxes. Very important to most users of MATLAB, toolboxes allow you to learn and apply specialized technology. Toolboxes are comprehensive collections of MATLAB functions (M-files) that extend the MATLAB environment to solve particular classes of problems. Areas in which toolboxes are available include signal processing, control systems, neural networks, fuzzy logic, wavelets, simulation, and many others. 3.2: The MATLAB System The MATLAB system consists of five main parts: 3.2.1: Development Environment This is the set of tools and facilities that help you use MATLAB functions and files. Many of these tools are graphical user interfaces. It includes the MATLAB desktop and Command Window, a command history, an editor and debugger, and browsers for viewing help, the workspace, files, and the search path. 3.2.2: The MATLAB Mathematical Function This is a vast collection of computational algorithms ranging from elementary functions like sum, sine, cosine, and complex arithmetic, to more sophisticated functions like matrix inverse, matrix eigen values, Bessel functions, and fast Fourier transforms. 3.2.3: The MATLAB Language This is a high-level matrix/array language with control flow statements, functions, data structures, input/output, and object-oriented programming features. It allows both programming in the small to rapidly create quick and dirty throw-away programs, and programming in the large to create complete large and complex application programs. 3.2.4: Graphics MATLAB has extensive facilities for displaying vectors and matrices as graphs, as well as annotating and printing these graphs. It includes high-level functions for two-dimensional and three-dimensional data visualization, image processing, animation, and presentation graphics. It also includes low-level functions that allow you to fully customize the appearance of graphics as well as to build complete graphical user interfaces on your MATLAB applications. 3.2.5: The MATLAB Application Program Interface (API) This is a library that allows you to write C and FORTRAN programs that interact with MATLAB. It includes facilities for calling routines from MATLAB (dynamic linking), calling MATLAB as a computational engine, and for reading and writing MAT-files. 3.3: MATLAB Working Environment 3.3.1: MATLAB Desktop MATLAB Desktop is the main MATLAB application window. The desktop contains five sub windows, the command window, the workspace browser, the current directory window, the command history window, and one or more figure windows, which are shown only when the user displays a graphic. The command window is where the user types MATLAB commands and expressions at the prompt (>>) and where the output of those commands is displayed. MATLAB defines the workspace as the set of variables that the user creates in a work session. The workspace browser shows these variables and some information about them. Double clicking on a variable in the workspace browser launches the Array Editor, which can be used to obtain information and income instances edit certain properties of the variable. The current Directory tab above the workspace tab shows the contents of the current directory, whose path is shown in the current directory window. For example, in the windows operating system the path might be as follows: C:MATLABWork, indicating that directory work is a subdirectory of the main directory MATLAB; WHICH IS INSTALLED IN DRIVE C. clicking on the arrow in the current directory window shows a list of recently used paths. Clicking on the button to the right of the window allows the user to change the current directory. MATLAB uses a search path to find M-files and other MATLAB related files, which are organize in directories in the computer file system. Any file run in MATLAB must resides in the current directory or in a directory that is on search path. By default, the files supplied with MATLAB and math works toolboxes areincluded in the search path. The easiest way to see which directories is soon the search path, or to add or modify a search path is to select set path from the File menu the desktop, and then use the set path dialog box. It is good practice to add any commonly used directories to the search path to avoid repeatedly having the change the current directory. The Command History Window contains a record of the commands a user has entered in the command window, including both current and previous MATLAB sessions. Previously entered MATLAB commands can be selected and re-executed from the command history window by right clicking on a command or sequence of commands. This action launches a menu from which to select various options in addition to executing the commands. This is useful to select various options in addition to executing the commands. This is a useful feature when experimenting with various commands in a work session. 3.3.2: Using the MATLAB Editor to create M-Files The MATLAB editor is both a text editor specialized for creating M-files and a graphical MATLAB debugger. The editor can appear in a window by itself, or it can be a sub window in the desktop. M-files are denoted by the extension .m, as in pixel up. m. The MATLAB editor window has numerous pull-down menus for tasks such as saving, viewing, and debugging files. Because it performs some simple checks and also uses color to differentiate between various elements of code, this text editor is recommended as the tool of choice for writing and editing M-functions. To open the editor, type edit at the prompt opens the M-file filename. m in an editor window, ready for editing. As noted earlier, the file must be in the current directory, or in a directory in the search path. 3.3.3: Getting Help The principal way to get help online is to use the MATLAB help browser, opened as a separate window either by clicking on the question mark symbol (?) on the desktop toolbar, or by typing help browser at the prompt in the command window. The help Browser is a web browser integrated into the MATLAB desktop that displays a Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) documents. The Help Browser consists of two panes, the help navigator pane, used to find information, and the display pane, used to view the information. Self-explanatory tabs other than navigator pane are used to perform a search.

How to Nurture a Friendship :: Friendship Essay

How to Nurture a Friendship A friend is someone who cherishes the special moments and memories of life with another person. A friend is a trustworthy companion. Friendship is a relationship which takes time to build. There are many steps and stages to achieving a true friendship. However, one can think building a friendship is like planting a garden. For many people, planting a garden represents, devotion and leisure. It takes patience to grow a garden, frustrations and hardships are also involved in the process. Firstly the seed is planted. The seed builds the foundation of a strong and stable plant. It has to be taken care of and watered daily. Then the shoots start sprouting, the plant is finally flourishing. One can see day by day the garden maturing. Then one day the garden starts to wilt, its dying. One has to tend to it and have the patience and determination to bring it back to life. It frustrates one to see the insects and predators preying on the beautiful garden that once existed. But hard work and devotion regains the gardens beauty and gives it life again. Soon a shoots blossom an bloom into beautiful flowers. The charm and divine beauty of the garden is a wonderful enlightening sight. Building a friendship has similar characteristics. One meets a person and plants the seed of friendship. The friendship builds and continues to grow stronger. It requires devotion of time and patience to achieve peak communication between the two companions. The struggle to keep a solid friendship includes many obstacles and hardships. But compromising, devotion and the willingness to endure is bound to payoff in the end. As Bernard Wolf quotes ^It takes a long time to grow an old friendship^. Friendship has its good and bad times. There comes a time when the relationship is just not working. It is preoccupied with disagreements and quarrels. It is on the verge of destruction. One must have the patience to deal with such frustrations. The willingness and determination to get the relationship working again come within. Compromising and persistence rebuilds the friendship and is once again reestablished. As Socrates once said ^Be slow to fall into friendship, but when thou art ! in, continue firm and constant^. The friendship is blooming and is finally on its peak. Its great to have a strong and stable relationship which allows the two companions to share the joys and memories of life together. How to Nurture a Friendship :: Friendship Essay How to Nurture a Friendship A friend is someone who cherishes the special moments and memories of life with another person. A friend is a trustworthy companion. Friendship is a relationship which takes time to build. There are many steps and stages to achieving a true friendship. However, one can think building a friendship is like planting a garden. For many people, planting a garden represents, devotion and leisure. It takes patience to grow a garden, frustrations and hardships are also involved in the process. Firstly the seed is planted. The seed builds the foundation of a strong and stable plant. It has to be taken care of and watered daily. Then the shoots start sprouting, the plant is finally flourishing. One can see day by day the garden maturing. Then one day the garden starts to wilt, its dying. One has to tend to it and have the patience and determination to bring it back to life. It frustrates one to see the insects and predators preying on the beautiful garden that once existed. But hard work and devotion regains the gardens beauty and gives it life again. Soon a shoots blossom an bloom into beautiful flowers. The charm and divine beauty of the garden is a wonderful enlightening sight. Building a friendship has similar characteristics. One meets a person and plants the seed of friendship. The friendship builds and continues to grow stronger. It requires devotion of time and patience to achieve peak communication between the two companions. The struggle to keep a solid friendship includes many obstacles and hardships. But compromising, devotion and the willingness to endure is bound to payoff in the end. As Bernard Wolf quotes ^It takes a long time to grow an old friendship^. Friendship has its good and bad times. There comes a time when the relationship is just not working. It is preoccupied with disagreements and quarrels. It is on the verge of destruction. One must have the patience to deal with such frustrations. The willingness and determination to get the relationship working again come within. Compromising and persistence rebuilds the friendship and is once again reestablished. As Socrates once said ^Be slow to fall into friendship, but when thou art ! in, continue firm and constant^. The friendship is blooming and is finally on its peak. Its great to have a strong and stable relationship which allows the two companions to share the joys and memories of life together.

Deinstitutionalization of the Mentally lll Essay

1. In my article deinstitutionalization bought on some positive effects by lowering health cost, but negative consequences came into the community also. Bringing into effect such things as Medicare and Medicaid, and the establishment of the Community Health Centers. This began to make it easier for the mentally ill to be able to get the help and rehabilitation that was needed rather than just being placed in mental institutions and left alone. â€Å"For example, decreases in inpatient mental health care can be complemented by increases in outpatient mental health care. Decreases in inpatient mental health care can also be paired with increases in other forms of care, such as social welfare, criminal justice, or nursing home care.† The article showed that the government began to step up and take part in the care of the mentally ill, making a way for the public hospitals to no longer be responsible for the mentally ill and private sectors to step in and offer more one on one care. Deinstitutionalization began to free up rooms in hospitals and offer lower medical costs 2. But crime and homelessness did increase in local communities. Some former patients went home to their families, some to nursing homes, where almost a million mentally ill Americans are said to now live. Because of the amount of mentally ill people being released or put out of mental institutions this bought on a great deal of them living on the streets and forced to rob and steal in order to survive. This is how the crime rate began to increase, mentally starting to be placed in the jail or prison system, which in the long run ends up costing far more than one being placed in a mental institution. Communicable diseases became more prominent as women began prostituting themselves. With their mental capacity questionable, it was still believed that people didn’t care what happened to them nor did they pay attention to their needs, until the epidemic of STD’s such as AIDS began to rise and start to affect what was considered to be â€Å"normal Americans households.†

Deconstruction of Leadership Assumptions

Deconstruction of Leadership Assumptions In our rapidly changing world, leaders play a vital role in impacting organizations and the welfare of their followers. Some positive attributes that enhances a successful leader includes initiating new ideas, seeking others opinion and being firm but rigid (Fisher, 1974). Most importantly, leaders who develop the culture of self-awareness towards their subordinates and the organization create an atmosphere of harmony and collaboration.As we take the initiative to deconstruct our leadership assumptions that influenced us personally, our workplaces and academically, we will focus on emotional volatility, withholding information and favoritism. Also, we outlined a revised explanation of these assumptions and a discussion on how these improved us professionally, academically personally.According to Paparone (2004, p.3) a deconstruction is an analysis of statement that has the tendency of demeaning, contradicting or omitting what was originally stated. On the other hand, assumptions are thoughts that emanates from the unconscious or natural (Duplass Ziedler, 2002) used to support in making decisions periodically (Ruggiero, 2004, p.141).Goldman Sachs ProtestsKirby and Goodpaster (2001) said, deconstruction makes us to be conversant of the lack of facts that promotes our behavior. Thus, enabling us to either continue accepting the assumption, provided it is worthy enough to support the truth or reject it to avoid conflicting evidence that affects our judgment (Paparone, 2004).Assumption about emotional volatilitySome of us have undergone a long period of emotional volatility due to loss of family member, war trauma and fragile relationships. Anger leads us into depression, brings about extreme patterns of behavior and thus makes it difficult for us to lead others. The negative aspect of emotional volatility is it muzzles our ability to change. Consequently, once we are noted with the reputation of emotionally volatile we are stigmatized for life.Revised AssumptionsA ccording to Goldman (1995), our intellect cannot work without...

Tess of the Durbervilles and Chocolat

Tess of the Durbervilles and Chocolat The hypocritical and paradoxical standards and values of contexts dictated by Patriarchal societies often condemn women. As shown in Thomas Hardy's Tess of the D'Urbervilles and Lasse HallstrÂÆ'Â ¶m's 2000film, Chocolate, these texts act as prime example of challenges faced by women in accordance with the changes, social values and dominant attitudes in their respective time eras. The 19th century paradigms challenged and reflected include the role of women in society in accordance with the patriarchal world and their social levels. This notion is also emphasised in the 20th century time setting of the film.The socio-economic circumstances surrounding a woman determined her level of rights in a patriarchal society as money ultimately equated with power. This notion was prevalent during the 19th century however Tess of the D'Urbervilles presents a stark contrast with this idea. The protagonist Tess is of the lower-working class yet she is also a "lineal descendent of the knightly fa mily of the D'Urbervilles".English: Thomas Hardy Locations, Tess of the d'Urb...The importance placed on social ranking class in England also forces Tess to seek from help from Alec D'Urberville and ultimately brings about her downfall. Alec's addressing of Tess as "my beauty" confirms his sexual nature and the seduction of Tess by him causes Hardy to exclaim, "Why was it that upon this beautiful feminine tissue...there should have been traced such a coarse pattern" Hardy's authorial intrusion forces us to question whether Tess would've incurred this if class hadn't been given such an eminent role in 19th century England. Tess is a victim of this patriarchal society purely through her lack of her power. Thus through socio-economic standings, it is evident that the prejudice towards women of the lower class and bias towards women of the Upper class in inegalitarian societies is directly correlated with the power these two classes hold.In Chocolat,

Interpersonal Communication, Pop culture vs. analysis, Benefits of Essay

Interpersonal Communication, Pop culture vs. analysis, Benefits of Marriage - Essay Example These benefits include having increased pay and more chances of promotion simply because of being married, much more likelihood of avoiding getting into trouble with the law especially criminal, behaviour and lastly enabling the man remain in great health than their single counterparts. When individuals are married according to the research by (Horn, Xu, Beam, Turkheimer & Emery, 2012), they show lower levels of psychological distress and antisocial behaviour and this causes positive changes and significantly reduces as well as protects against the negative effects on physical health. Married individuals are better adjusted to relationship as a result if having a shared environment similar to the relationship twins who share the same environment have. Risky behaviour engagement such as excessive alcohol intake, property damage and gang fighting among other criminal activities reduces significantly when the individuals get married. According to the research results, there was reduction of such risky behavioural engagements from a 25% to a 14% as the marriage continued to advance. Cigarette smoking for example reduced from 7 cigarettes to an average of 3 of them per day (Horn, Xu, Beam, Turkheimer & Emery, 2012). The overall wellbeing of married couples is higher than that of cohabiting or simple individuals. This is indicated by their general health. The example referred to in the article by (Ducharme & Kollar, 2012) is based on homosexual relationships before and after getting married. It is found that before marriage, the lesbians even though cohabiting were generally less happy and satisfied like they became once married which is the same trend with heterosexual couples. Another indication of the general wellbeing improving is based on the increase in finances once individuals became married. Apart from the finances coming from both parties hence increasing,

North American Agriculture Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

North American Agriculture - Essay Example All three originated from the southern Mexico or MesoAmerican area. Squash is named after the Massachuset Indian word askutasquash, meaning "not cooked". Anthropologists think squash may be a major factor in the transition of native people from hunter/gatherers to growers. "The fruits of wild squash were easy to find and offered flesh, nutritious seed, edible flowers and even containersmade from a hard-shell squash known as gourd" (Gilmer, 1). Summer squash is known as Curcurbita pepo, winter squash and pumpkins are C. maxima or C. moschata. All three species are native to the Western Hemisphere. Beans are another of the oldest foods grown in North America and one of the oldest known to man. They have played a significant part in the diet of people for thousands of years. Beans were domesticated about 7000 years ago in both Peru and southern Mexico. Peru developed beans with bright colors and large seeds, while Mexico developed white and black beans with variations of patterns that were small seeded. The tribes in Mexico and Peru traveled across the continent spreading the beans and their techniques for growing these plants. As the New World was being discovered, many varieties of beans were already being successfully grown by the native people. Corn dates back to it's origin as a grass on the Mexican plateau 80,000 years ago. The grass was called teosinte and is believed to have been developed by the native population. The teosinte looked very different from today's corn with small kernels not fused into a husk on an ear like early maize and modern corn. Over time, Native Americans created maize through specialized cultivation. Grass grows in segments and the ears of maize were produced at the joints of the segments. Encouraging the growth of ears on the lower joints and only replanting kernels from those successful plants eventually adapted the crop to a shorter growing season and increased the yield. As the genetics of the plant were changed, its value as a food source increased. Native Americans discovered that maize could be grown, harvested, and dried, then ground into flour. "Surplus maize would be stored in underground storage pits, ingeniously constructed and lined with grasses" (Prindle 2), and used over the winter. Eventually the growing of maize along with beans and squash was adopted into the southwestern and southeastern regions of North America. Native people planted household gardens and larger fields next to their villages. The fields were made of small mounds of tilled earth about one foot high and 20 across, spaced about 4 feet apart and placed in rows or at random. Their method is to plant five to six kernels of corn in a small circle in the middle of the mound. As the corn grew, they would plant seven or eight pole beans in a circle about six inches away from the corn kernels. Several days later they planted seven or eight squash or pumpkin seeds. When the plants began to grow, they would thin out the weak and leave the strongest plants. Author, Tara Prindle wrote, "The corn stalk serves as a pole for the beans, the beans help to add the nitrogen to the soil that the corn needs, and the squash provides a ground cover of shade that helps the soil retain moisture" (2). This is how the Three Sisters work together